Eardrum connects to air cavity {middle ear}|.
Middle ear has three small bones {ossicles}|: hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Two middle ear bones evolved from reptile lower jawbones [Ramachandran, 2004].
Eardrum connects to middle-ear bone {hammer bone}| {malleus}, which connects to anvil.
Hammer bone connects to middle-ear bone {anvil bone}| {incus}, which connects to stirrup. Anvil bone is smaller than hammer bone to concentrate sound pressure.
Anvil bone connects to middle-ear bone {stirrup bone}| {stapes}, which connects to oval window. Stirrup bone is smaller than anvil bone to concentrate sound pressure.
Muscles {tensor tympani muscle} attached to malleus can tense to dampen loud vibration.
Muscles {stapedius muscle} attached to stapes can tense to dampen loud vibration.
1-Consciousness-Sense-Hearing-Anatomy-Ear
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Date Modified: 2022.0225